Italy's most powerful trade unions called the eight-hour strike and mobilised marches in cities across the country to target Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni's latest budget that they say penalises schools, health care and other services.
They also are pressing for a more equitable distribution of profits from private companies to workers.
"These protests don't just speak to the government," Maurizio Landini, head of the powerful CGIL conglomerate, told reporters in Bologna.
"They speak also to entrepreneurs, managers and businesses, who in these years have made profits like never before."
CGIL and UIL said in a joint statement that more than 70 per cent of workers participated in their strike, and thousands of people took part in 43 separate rallies held across the country against government policies.
The strike forced ITA airlines to cancel dozens of domestic and international flights and hit schools, hospitals and local transport.
Unions called for an eight-hour strike but Transport Minister Matteo Salvini imposed an injunction limiting the strike in the transport sector to four hours.
It was the first general strike since last November.
Unions faced possible sanctions for involving the health care and justice sectors, which have staged strikes recently.
The Italian railway, which also has been the target of recent labour actions, was exempted.
Italy's health care sector has been suffering staffing shortages that has forced the hiring of nurses from abroad, with care in the poorer south particularly lagging that in the more prosperous north.
"There are many people who go abroad because the salaries are too low,," said Anna Salsa, a member of the UIL health care union, at the demonstration in Rome.
"We are forced to do double shifts to give the minimal levels of essential care."
Protesters also cited persistent increases in the cost of basic necessities.
Despite indications that inflation is cooling, the Codacons consumer protection lobby said that grocery costs for a family of four have risen by 238 euro ($A387) a year in 2024 compared with last year, forcing many families to reduce their consumption.
While starting salaries in Italy are aligned with the rest of Europe, pay increases do not keep pace, Maurizio Del Conte, a labour law expert at Milan's Bocconi University, said.
As a result, Italy's gross median salary of 35,000 euro a year is at the low end of European averages, well behind its G7 partners in France and Germany.
with Reuters
